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Q.
In nitrobenzene, the $X$ attacks on comparatively electron rich meta-position resulting in $Y$ substitution. Here, $X$ and $Y$ refer to
Hydrocarbons
Solution:
Nitro group reduces the electron density in the benzene ring due to its strong $-I$-effect. Nitrobenzene is a resonance hybrid of the following structures:
In this case, the overall electron density on benzene ring decreases making further substitution difficult, therefore these groups are also called 'deactivating groups'.
The electron density on $o$ - and $p$-position is comparatively less than that at meta-position.
Hence, the electrophile attacks on comparatively electron rich meta-position resulting in meta-substitution.
