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  4. Which of the following shows -R-effect?

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Q. Which of the following shows −R-effect?

Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques

Solution:

The atoms or substituent groups, which represent +R or −R electron displacement effects are as follows :
+R-effect: - halogen, - OH,−OR,−OCOR, −NH2,−NHR,−NR2,−NHCOR.
−R-effect; −COOH,−CHO,>C=O,−CN,−NO2.
Thus, - COOH is a −R-effect showing group, while other options show +R-effect.