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  4. Which of the following shows -R-effect?

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Q. Which of the following shows $-R$-effect?

Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques

Solution:

The atoms or substituent groups, which represent $+R$ or $-R$ electron displacement effects are as follows :
$+R$-effect: - halogen, - $OH ,- O R,- OCO R$, $- NH _{2},- NH R,- N R_{2},- NHCO R$.
$-R$-effect; $- COOH ,- CHO ,> C = O ,- CN ,- NO _{2}$.
Thus, - COOH is a $-R$-effect showing group, while other options show $+R$-effect.