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  4. Which of the following has minimum -I- effect?

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Q. Which of the following has minimum $ -I- $ effect?

ManipalManipal 2010Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques

Solution:

$ -I $ effect decreases in the order
$ - \overset{+}{N}R_3 > - NO_2 > - COOH > - F$
Therefore, F has the minimum $ -I $ effect.