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Q.
What is the name of the protein part of the holoenzyme or conjugate enzyme?
NTA AbhyasNTA Abhyas 2020
Solution:
Most of the enzymes consist of proteins and may have non-protein parts (inorganic or organic molecules). They catalyze the biological reactions without themselves being used up. Edward Buchner was the first to isolate an enzyme, i.e. ‘zymase’. J.B. Sumner crystallized urease enzyme. Sumner defines enzyme as a protein with catalytic activity.
Enzymes show a 3D structure containing ‘R’ (alkyl) group of amino acid that form active sites during the folding of the polypeptide chain. Usually, 3-12 amino acids form an active site. The enzyme reacts with the substrate only at these active sites. Enzymes can speed up the reaction in both directions and lower the activation energy. An enzyme is specific for both the binding of substrate and type of reaction.
Enzymes are of two types: (1) Simple enzyme, which is made up of only protein (e.g. pepsin, trypsin) and (2) Conjugated enzyme (holoenzyme), which is made up of protein (the apoenzyme) and non-protein part (cofactor). The protein part of the enzyme is called an apoenzyme, while the non-protein part associated with the polypeptide chain is known as the cofactor. Cofactor activates the enzyme by binding with it. Cofactors are of three types: (1) Coenzyme, (2) Prosthetic group and (3) Metal ion.