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Q.
HGP was completed in the year:
NTA AbhyasNTA Abhyas 2020
Solution:
Human genome was started in the year 1990 jointly by the US Department of Energy and the National Institute of Health. Soon welcome trust (UK) joined the project as a major partner, additional contributions came from Japan, France, Germany, China, and others. The project was completed in 2003.
HGP has been called a megaproject due to
Huge cost estimated to be 9 billion US dollars, the cost of sequencing 1 bp is US$3.
The very large number of base pairs (3 x 109 bp) to be identified and sequenced.
Requires a large number of scientists, technicians, and supporting staff.
Storage of data generated which requires some 3300 books, each with 1000 pages and each page having 1000 typed letters. However, high-speed computational devices for storage, retrieval, and analysis of data made it easier to do the same.
The science of Bioinformatics also developed during this period and helped HGP.
Following are the important goals of HGP:
Identification of all the genes in human DNA (approximately 20,000 – 25,000).
To determine the sequences of the billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA.
To store this information in databases.
To improve tools for data analysis.
ELSI: To solve any ethical, legal and social issues.
Bioinformatics i.e., close association of HGP with the rapid development of a new area in biology.
Sequencing of model organisms: Many non-human model organisms such as bacteria, yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans (a free-living non-pathogenic nematode), Drosophila, plants like rice and Arabidopsis, etc., have been sequenced. We can have better idea of their genome and can used them for the welfare of human beings.
Some of the salient observations drawn from the human genome project are as follows:
3164.7 million nucleotide bases are there in the human genome.
The average gene consists of 3000 bases, but size varies greatly, with the largest known human gene being dystrophin as 2.4 million bases and TDF gene as the smallest gene with 14 bases.
The total number of genes was estimated at about 30,000 which is much lower than previous estimates of 80,000 to 1,40,000 genes. Almost all (99.9 percent) nucleotide bases are exactly the same in all people.
The functions are unknown for half of the discovered genes.
Below 2% of the whole genome codes for proteins.
Repetitive sequences are stretches of DNA sequences that are repeated many times, sometimes hundred to a thousand times.
Chromosome I has most genes (2968) - Largest, and the Y has the fewest (231) - smallest.
Scientists have identified about 1.4 million locations where single-base DNA differences occur in humans.