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  4. Examples of electron withdrawing groups relative to hydrogen are

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Q. Examples of electron withdrawing groups relative to hydrogen are

Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques

Solution:

All the given examples act as electron withdrawing group relative to hydrogen. Based on the ability of a substituent to withdraw or donate electron density, the substituents can be classified as electron-withdrawing or electron donating groups relative to hydrogen. Halogens and many other group such as nitro $\left(- NO _{2}\right)$, cyano $(- CN )$, carboxy $(- COOH )$, ester $(- COO R)$, aryloxy (-OAr, e.g. $- OC _{6} H _{5}$ ), etc. are electron-withdrawing groups. On the other hand, the alkyl groups like methyl $\left(- CH _{3}\right)$ and ethyl $\left(- CH _{2}- CH _{3}\right)$ are usually considered as electron donating groups.