Amplification of DNA takes place through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR was discovered by Kary Mullis (1985). Taq DNA polymerase enzyme is used in PCR which can act at 75∘C . The denaturation of DNA takes place at 90−80∘C and renaturation at 40−60∘C . Translation is the synthesis of protein on ribosomes by m-RNA, t-RNA and amino acids. Transduction is the transfer of bacteria! DNA from the donor to recepient cells through bacteriophages.